Production H13 Chromium Molybdenum Vanadium Steel Chemical Elements Functions - China

H13 chromium molybdenum vanadium steel Function of Each Chemical Element Chromium (Cr) — The Largest Alloying Addition

At 4.75–5.50%, chromium is the biggest alloying element after iron.

Its jobs:

- Deep hardenability — the foundation of H13's air-hardening capability: thick sections transform to martensite even in still air, keeping quenching stress and distortion low .

- Oxidation resistance — forms a protective Cr-oxide scale during heat treatment and hot service .

- Wear resistance & temper stability — chromium-rich carbides (M₂₃C₆, M₇C₃) contribute hardness and secondary hardening, though they coarsen faster than V-carbides and therefore contribute less to long-term tempering resistance .

- Nitriding responsiveness — Cr forms very hard, thermally stable nitrides (CrN), making H13 an excellent substrate for surface enhancement .

Molybdenum (Mo) — The Red-Hardness Guardian

At 1.10–1.75%, molybdenum is the element most responsible for H13 holding its hardness under sustained heat:

- Elevated-temperature strength — retards softening of the matrix in service .

- Secondary hardening — forms fine M₂C/M₆C carbides during tempering that strengthen the tempered martensite and delay softening; Mo-rich M₆C particles, together with V-rich MC, act as the alloy's twin secondary-hardening systems .

- Anti-temper-embrittlement — suppresses embrittlement during high-temperature tempering, preserving toughness .

Vanadium (V) — The Wear-Resistance and Grain-Control Specialist

At 0.80–1.20%, vanadium is the element that separates H13 from lower grades like H11:

- Hardest, most stable carbides in the alloy — MC-type V(C, N) carbides are extremely resistant to coarsening, delivering superior abrasion resistance .

- Secondary hardening anchor — nanometer-scale secondary V(C, N) precipitated during tempering is the *most influential single factor* in H13's tempering resistance and thermal-softening resistance .

- Grain refinement — V-carbides pin austenite grain boundaries during hardening, preventing grain growth that would damage toughness.

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